Analysis of forging process properties of common titanium alloys

Forging process performance data of common titanium alloys

According to theoretical research and factory production experience, the forging process performance data of α – type, near – α type, α + β type and near – β type titanium alloys are summarized in Tables 1 to 6 respectively.
It can be seen from the data in Table 1 to table 6 that the blooming temperature of most titanium alloy ingots is in the range of 1150 ℃ – 1200 ℃, and the initial forging temperature of some titanium alloy ingots is in the range of 1050 ℃ – 1100 ℃; these two temperature regions are in the β phase region, and the former is much higher than the phase transformation temperature. There are two reasons: first, the alloy has high plasticity and low deformation resistance in the β phase region Long forging time is conducive to improving productivity; second, the billet for ingot opening is mainly used for forging, and its microstructure can be improved after forging with large deformation degree, which will not affect the properties of forgings, so the process with high productivity is selected.
It can be seen from the data in Table 1 to table 6 that the initial forging temperature of die forging on the press is not only much lower than the initial forging temperature of ingot opening, but also lower than the α / β transformation temperature by 30 ℃ – 50 ℃. The forging temperature of most titanium alloys is in the range of 930 ℃ – 970 ℃. This is to ensure the deformation in the α + β phase region and obtain the required microstructure and properties of forgings. The forging temperature of the finished product can be increased by 10 ℃～ 20 ℃ compared with that of the press forging. However, in order to ensure the microstructure and mechanical properties of the finished titanium alloy forgings, the final forging temperature of the forging process should be controlled in the α + β two-phase region.
It can also be seen from the data in Tables 1 to 6 that the initial forging temperature of most titanium alloys is slightly higher than or near the transformation temperature. The initial α / β forging temperature of transition processes such as pre forming is lower than that of ingot opening and higher than that of die forging. In this temperature zone, the productivity is taken into account and the blank with better microstructure is prepared for forging.

Table.1 forging process performance data of α – type titanium alloy

Alloy grade	Phase transition temperature / ℃	Forging temperature range / ℃	Allowable deformation degree /%
Industrial pure titanium	α→β：885～900	Ingot opening: 1050-650	40～50
		Preform: 950-650	30～40
		Die forging: 950 ～ 650	30～40
TA7	α→α﹢β：930～970            β→α﹢β：1040～1090	Ingot opening: 1180 ～ 900	30～50
		Preform: 1100 ～ 850	40～70
		Hammer forging: 1100 ～ 900	40～70
		Die forging on press: 1020 ～ 850	40～70
TA13	α﹢β→β：895±10	Ingot opening: 1050 ~ 750	30～5
		Preform: 950-700	40～70
		Hammer forging: 880 ～ 700	40～70
		Ring rolling: 860 ～ 650	40～70
TA16	α﹢β→β：920±20	Ingot opening: 1180 ～ 900	40～5
		Preform: 1100 ～ 850	50～60
		Hammer forging: 1100 ～ 900	50～70
		Die forging on press: 1020 ～ 850	50～70
		Plate rolling: 1050 ～ 800	50～70
		Tube piercing and hot rolling: 1120 ～ 800	50～70

Table 2 forging process performance data of near α titanium alloy

Alloy grade	Phase transition temperature / ℃	Forging temperature range / ℃	Allowable deformation degree /%
TA11	α﹢β→β:1040	Ingot opening: 1190 ～ 900 Preform: 1000-800 Die forging: 1000 ～ 800	30～50 30～60 30～60
TA12	α﹢β→β：940±20	Ingot opening: 1200 ～ 900 Preform: 1040-850 Hammer forging: 1040 ～ 800 Die forging on press: 1030 ～ 800	30～50 30～55 30～55 30～55
TA15	α﹢β→β：1020±30	Ingot opening: 1180 ～ 900 Preform: 1080-900 Hammer forging: 1020 ～ 900 Die forging on press: 1000 ～ 900	20～30 40～50 40～50 40～50
TA18	β→α﹢β：925±10	Ingot opening: 1050 ~ 750 Preform: 950-750 Die forging: 900-700	50～70 50～70 40～50
TA19	α﹢β→β：990±30	Ingot opening: 1150 ~ 850 Preform: 1000-800 Hammer forging: 980 ～ 800 Die forging on press: 950 ～ 800	30～60 40～70 40～70 40～70
TC1	α﹢β→β：920～930	Ingot opening: 1150 ~ 850 Preform: 1000-850 Hammer forging: 950 ～ 800 Die forging on press: 910 ～ 750	30～60 40～70 40～70 40～70
TC2	α﹢β→β：940±20	Ingot blooming: 1080 ～ 850 Preform: 980-800 Hammer forging: 950 ～ 800 Die forging on press: 930 ～ 750	30～50 40～70 40～70 40～70

Table 3 forging process performance data of α + β titanium alloy

Alloy grade	Phase transition temperature / ℃	Forging temperature range / ℃	Allowable deformation degree /%
TC4	α﹢β→β: 980～1010	Ingot opening: 1200 ～ 850	30～60
		Preform: 1000-800	40～70
		Hammer forging: 980 ～ 800	40～70
		Die forging on press: 950 ～ 800	40～70
TC6	α﹢β→β：980±20	Ingot opening: 1150 ~ 850	30～60
		Preform: 1050-800	40～70
		Hammer forging: 950 ～ 800	40～70
		Die forging on press: 950 ～ 800	40～70
		Isothermal extrusion: 940
TC11	α﹢β→β：1000±20	Ingot opening: 1200 ～ 900	30～60
		Preform: 980-800	40～65
		Hammer forging: 980 ～ 850	40～65
		Die forging on press: 970 ～ 800	40～65
TC16	α﹢β→β：860±20	Ingot opening: 1150 ~ 850	30～60
		Preform: 1000-850	40～70
		Die forging: 950 ～ 700	40～70
		Rotary forging: 820 ～ 650	10～20
TC17	α﹢β→β：890±15	Ingot opening: 1100 ～ 800	50~70
		α + β die forging: 845 ～ 700	30~50
		Die forging on press: 950 ～ 800	β area: 40 ~ 60
			α + β region: 20 ~ 40
TC18	β→α﹢β：750±10	Ingot opening: 1180 ～ 850	30～50
		Preform: 1020-800	40～70
		Hammer forging: 950 ～ 800	40～70
		Die forging on press: 840 ～ 750	20～50
		Extrusion and rolling: 1050 ～ 750	20～60

Table 4 forging process performance data of near beta titanium alloy

Alloy	Phase transition temperature / ℃	Forging temperature range / ℃	Allowable deformation degree /%	Superplastic temperature / ℃
TB2	α﹢β→β: 730～750	Ingot opening: 1150 ~ 850	30～60	Plate 750
TB3	α→β﹢β：750±10	Ingot opening: 1150 ~ 850	30～60
		Change of blank to forging: 1050 ～ 800	40～70
		Rotary forging: 760-600	10～30
TB5	α﹢β→β：750～770	Ingot opening: 1150 ~ 850	30～6	Plate 750～800
		Change of blank to forging: 1050 ～ 800	40～65
		Rotary forging: 740 ～ 600	10～20
TB6	α﹢β→β：800±15	Ingot opening: 1150 ~ 850	50～7	770
		Preform: 840-700	40～60
		Hammer forging: 800 ～ 680	40～50
		Die forging on press: 780 ～ 680	40～60
		Isothermal die forging: 780 ～ 760	30～50
Note: in α + β deformation

Table 5 forging process performance data of α – type titanium alloy

Type	Grade	Thermal conductivity / M-1 ·℃ – 1	Type	GradeThermal conductivity / M-1 ·℃ – 1		Type	Grade	Thermal conductivity / M-1 ·℃ – 1
Alpha type	Industrial pure titanium	20℃/19.3    800℃/18.4	Near alpha type	TC1	20℃/19.3     800℃/18.4	Near beta type	TB2	20℃/19.3     800℃/18.4
	TA7	20℃/19.3    800℃/18.4		TC2	20℃/19.3     800℃/18.4		TB3	20℃/19.3     800℃/18.4
	TA13	20℃/19.3    800℃/18.4	α + β type	TC4	20℃/19.3     800℃/18.4		TB5	20℃/19.3     800℃/18.4
	TA16	20℃/19.3     800℃/18.43		TC6	20℃/19.3      800℃/18.43	Carbon steel	20	20℃/19.3     800℃/18.43
Near alpha type	TA11	20℃/19.3     800℃/18.4		TC11	20℃/19.3     800℃/18.4		45	20℃/19.3     800℃/18.4
	TA12	20℃/19.3     800℃/18.4		TC16	20℃/19.3     800℃/18.4	Carburizing steel	12Cr2Ni4A	20℃/19.3     800℃/18.4
	TA15	20℃/19.3      800℃/18.4		TC17	20℃/19.3     800℃/18.4	Bearing steel	GCr15	20℃/19.3     800℃/18.4
	TA18	20℃/19.3     800℃/18.4		TC18	20℃/19.3     800℃/18.4	Quenched and tempered high strength steel	40CrNiMoA	20℃/19.3     800℃/18.4
	TA19	20℃/19.3      800℃/18.4	Near beta type	TB6	20℃/19.3     800℃/18.4	Ultra high strength steel	40CrNi2Si2MoVA	20℃/19.3     800℃/18.4

Table 6 heating and holding time of titanium alloy billets

Maximum thickness or diameter of blank / mm	Time from temperature rise to initial forging temperature after billet is put into furnace (no more than) / mm	Holding time / min		Residence time of billet in furnace (no more than) / h
		(≥)	（≤）
≤10	5	10	50	1
15	8	12	50	1
20	10	15	50	1
25	10	15	50	1
30	10	15	50	1
35	15	20	60	1
40	15	20	60	1
50	15	25	60	1
60	15	30	60	1.5
80	15	35	75	2
100	20	45	75	2
120	20	50	90	2
140	25	55	90	2
160	25	60	120	2.5
180	30	70	120	2.5
200	30	80	120	2.5
225	35	90	150	3
250	35	100	150	3
300	40	120	210	4
350	40	130	210	4
400	50	160	240	4.5
Note: the billet with large cross-section is best to be heated in sections, that is, preheating to 800 ℃ before heating in the high-temperature zone of the heating furnace or in another high-temperature furnace

Source: China Titanium Pipe Fittings Manufacturer – Yaang Pipe Industry Co., Limited (www.titaniuminfogroup.com)

(Yaang Pipe Industry is a leading manufacturer and supplier of nickel alloy and stainless steel products, including Super Duplex Stainless Steel Flanges, Stainless Steel Flanges, Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings, Stainless Steel Pipe. Yaang products are widely used in Shipbuilding, Nuclear power, Marine engineering, Petroleum, Chemical, Mining, Sewage treatment, Natural gas and Pressure vessels and other industries.)

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